Expert Tips for Selecting the Best Trees and Shrubs for Your Landscape Projects
When designing a landscape, selecting the right trees and shrubs is essential for creating a harmonious and sustainable environment. The right plants can enhance curb appeal, provide shade, attract wildlife, and even improve the air quality of your outdoor space. However, with so many options to choose from, knowing which trees and shrubs are the best fit for your project can be a daunting task. Here’s a detailed guide to help you make the best choices for your landscape, whether you're working on a residential or municipal project.
1. Consider the Climate and Hardiness Zone
The first step in choosing trees and shrubs is determining which plants are suited for your climate. One of the most important factors to consider is the hardiness zone. These zones are defined by the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map, which divides the United States into regions based on the average minimum winter temperature. Each zone represents a range of temperatures that a plant can tolerate.
Here in the Southeast, zones range from 6b in the mountainous areas of North Carolina with low temperatures between negative 5 and 0 degrees Fahrenheit, to 9a with minimum temperatures between 15 and 25 degrees Fahrenheit in coastal areas of Georgia and South Carolina.
Hardiness zone maps divide the country into regions based on temperature tolerance. Here's a general guide on how to read them:
2. Evaluate Soil and Drainage Conditions
Understanding the soil quality, drainage, and acidity in your area is crucial for ensuring healthy plant growth. These factors influence how well plants will establish their roots, access nutrients, and ultimately thrive. Before selecting trees and shrubs, assess your soil's texture (sandy, loamy, or clay), pH (acidic or alkaline), and moisture levels. A soil test can provide a more detailed analysis, which can guide your plant choices.
Soil texture refers to the proportion of different-sized particles—sand, silt, and clay—in your soil. The texture directly affects the soil's ability to retain water and nutrients and its overall drainage.
Sandy Soil: Sandy soil has large particles, which allows water to drain quickly. While it doesn't hold nutrients well, it warms up fast in the spring, making it ideal for plants that like dry conditions and don't require much moisture. A hardy evergreen tree such as the Eastern Red Cedar does well in sandy soil due to its tolerance for drought and poor soil conditions. Pine trees like the Longleaf Pine are also native to sandy soils and extremely drought-tolerant. Juniper is a good shrub option for this soil type because it is a hardy shrub that is adaptable to harsh conditions.
Loamy Soil: Loam is often considered the ideal soil for most plants because it is a balanced mix of sand, silt, and clay. It drains well but also retains moisture, providing a healthy environment for plant roots. This ability to retain moisture means it is also nutrient-rich, making it perfect for a wide variety of plants. Oak and Maple trees need loamy soil because the roots can easily spread and access a consistent supply of moisture and nutrients which helps to support their large size and give them a long lifespan. Azalea shrubs also prefer loamy soil as the nutrients support abundant blooms.
Clay Soil: Clay soil has tiny particles that are densely packed together, causing water to drain slowly and leading to compacted soil. While it can retain nutrients, clay soil can become compacted and suffocate plant roots if it doesn’t drain well. Improving clay soil may require adding organic material or mulch to enhance drainage and aeration. Plants such as Willow trees and Buttonbush thrive in clay, wet soils because they have adapted to wet, waterlogged conditions like swamp areas.
Soil Drainage: Ensuring Proper Root Development
Soil drainage refers to how quickly water moves through the soil. Proper drainage is essential because it prevents waterlogging, which can lead to root rot, and ensures that the soil remains aerated for healthy root growth.
Well-Draining Soil: Good drainage allows water to flow through the soil easily without pooling. Most trees and shrubs prefer well-draining soils that prevent water from sitting around the roots for too long. However, some drought-tolerant plants, like Juniper and Rosemary, thrive in drier conditions with fast-draining soil.
Poorly Draining Soil: Soil that doesn’t drain well can lead to stagnant water around plant roots, which may suffocate the roots and lead to fungal diseases. If your soil has poor drainage, look for plants that tolerate wet conditions, such as Swamp Milkweed or Swamp Rose.
Solution for Better Drainage: If you have poorly draining soil, consider improving it with organic material, such as compost, which will help create air pockets and allow excess water to escape, or create raised beds or mounds where excess water can flow away from the root zone.
Soil Acidity: pH Levels and Plant Growth
Soil pH measures how acidic or alkaline the soil is, ranging from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline), with 7 being neutral. The pH level affects how well plants can absorb nutrients, which is why it’s important to choose plants that are suited to the pH of your soil.
Acidic Soil (pH less than 7): Acidic soils are common in areas with high rainfall, such as the southeastern U.S. In acidic soil, certain nutrients like iron are more readily available to plants, but too much acidity can limit the availability of others like calcium and magnesium. Pine and Birch trees tend to grow well and thrive in regions where the pH levels are lower.
If your soil is too acidic, you can add lime to raise the pH and make the soil more neutral.
Alkaline Soil (pH greater than 7): Alkaline soil tends to be found in areas with dry conditions or soils that are rich in limestone. In alkaline soil, certain micronutrients, such as iron and manganese, are less available to plants. Certain species of Spirea such as Spirea japonica grow well in slightly alkaline soils and their tolerance for a wider range of pH makes them highly adaptable and therefore a good choice of shrub when planting.
If you have alkaline soil, you can lower the pH by adding sulfur or peat moss to make the soil more acidic, which benefits plants that prefer lower pH levels.
Neutral Soil (pH of 7): Neutral soil is considered ideal for a wide variety of plants because it provides the best balance of nutrients. Most trees, shrubs, and perennials will thrive in neutral soil.
Conducting a Soil Test
The best way to determine your soil's quality, drainage, and acidity is by performing a soil test. Local extension services often offer soil testing for a reasonable fee, or you can use a home testing kit. These tests will provide specific recommendations for improving your soil and selecting plants that will thrive in your conditions.
Steps for Conducting a Soil Test:
Trees and shrubs require different amounts of sunlight to grow and flourish. Some plants need full sun (at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day), while others thrive in partial or full shade. Be sure to evaluate the amount of sunlight your landscape gets throughout the day and select plants that match these conditions. If your project area receives full sun for example, trees like Oak or Maple are great choices, while shrubs like Spirea and Potentilla will thrive. In shady spots, try shrubs like Azalea or Boxwood, or consider shade-tolerant trees like Red Maple or Japanese Maple.
4. Match Plant Size with Available Space
When selecting trees and shrubs, it’s crucial to consider how large they will grow, both in height and width. Overcrowding can lead to unhealthy plants competing for resources and create maintenance challenges. Make sure to account for the mature size of the tree or shrub and leave enough space for proper growth.
Understanding Plant Size and Growth Patterns
Plants, especially trees and shrubs, will continue to grow throughout their lifespan. Understanding how large a plant will get, both in height and spread (width), is crucial for designing a space that won’t quickly become overcrowded or require constant pruning. When selecting trees and shrubs, be sure to look at both their mature height and mature spread.
When planning a landscape, keep in mind how much space a plant will need to grow to its full size. If you plant trees or shrubs too close together, their roots and canopies may compete for resources, stunting growth and leading to unhealthy plants, not to mention losing the visual appeal. Over time, this can create a maintenance headache as you’ll need to trim or thin plants more frequently.
Guidelines for Spacing:
Some trees and shrubs grow faster than others. For example, Silver Maple can grow rapidly, while Bur Oak grows more slowly. The growth rate can affect your spacing decisions, as fast-growing plants may need to be spaced further apart to avoid rapid overcrowding. Conversely, slow-growing plants may be able to tolerate being spaced closer together, at least for a few years.
When planting trees and shrubs, it’s important not to neglect the roots, which also expand as the plant matures. If trees are planted too close to each other, their roots may start to overlap and compete for space and nutrients, which can lead to unhealthy growth.
In addition to considering the height and width of the plant, it's important to account for its overall growth habit. Some trees and shrubs grow in a more columnar, narrow shape, while others have a broad, spreading form. Understanding these habits will help you design your space with a more harmonious layout.
When selecting plants for your landscape, consider how much maintenance you or your clients are willing to do as the plants grow. Some plants require frequent pruning to maintain their shape, especially if they grow too large or have a sprawling habit.
One of the most valuable aspects of trees and shrubs is the seasonal interest they can provide. Look for plants that will add color, texture, and visual appeal throughout the year. For instance, evergreens provide year-round greenery, while deciduous trees offer beautiful fall colors.
If you're looking for seasonal appeal, consider planting Red Maple, which offers brilliant red foliage in the fall, or Forsythia, which bursts into yellow flowers in early spring. Holly shrubs offer bright red berries in the winter, providing a festive touch.
6. Choose Plants That Attract Wildlife
Many trees and shrubs can provide habitat and food for birds, bees, and other wildlife. If you’re interested in promoting biodiversity, choose plants that attract pollinators and offer shelter for birds and insects.
Serviceberry trees are great for attracting birds with their small, sweet fruits. Bee Balm and Lavender shrubs are also excellent choices for attracting pollinators like bees and butterflies.
7. Consider the Aesthetic and Design of Your Project
The visual appeal of your landscape design should also influence your plant choices. Think about how trees and shrubs will complement other elements of your project, such as hardscapes (patios, walkways), architectural styles, and other plants. A balanced design often incorporates a mix of evergreen and deciduous plants, varying textures, and contrasting shapes.
If you're designing a formal garden, Boxwood hedges and European Hornbeam trees create clean lines and structure. For a more naturalistic design, consider planting native species like Shadbush or Black-eyed Susan for a wildflower feel.
8. Check for Disease and Pest Resistance
When selecting trees and shrubs, be mindful of potential disease and pest problems that can affect your plants. Choose varieties that are resistant to common issues like fungal infections, blight, or insect infestations.
For example, Crabapple trees are known for their susceptibility to disease, while Red Maple trees are generally more resistant to pests and diseases.
Choosing the right trees and shrubs for your landscaping project is about more than just picking plants that look good. By considering your climate, soil conditions, sunlight, maintenance needs, and the overall aesthetic of your design, you can create a beautiful and sustainable outdoor space. Don’t forget to factor in wildlife attraction and seasonal interest, as well as the potential for growth and disease resistance. With careful selection, your trees and shrubs will thrive for years to come.
You've picked the perfect plants for your project—now it's time to bring them to life! MNI Direct offers a wide variety of high-quality plants to meet all your landscaping needs. Visit our website today to browse our selection and get started on your next project!
1. Consider the Climate and Hardiness Zone
The first step in choosing trees and shrubs is determining which plants are suited for your climate. One of the most important factors to consider is the hardiness zone. These zones are defined by the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map, which divides the United States into regions based on the average minimum winter temperature. Each zone represents a range of temperatures that a plant can tolerate.
Here in the Southeast, zones range from 6b in the mountainous areas of North Carolina with low temperatures between negative 5 and 0 degrees Fahrenheit, to 9a with minimum temperatures between 15 and 25 degrees Fahrenheit in coastal areas of Georgia and South Carolina.
Hardiness zone maps divide the country into regions based on temperature tolerance. Here's a general guide on how to read them:
- Find your location on the map: Each area on the map is shaded to indicate a specific zone.
- Understand the numbers: The number represents the lowest temperature the region is expected to reach in winter. For example, Zone 7a means plants can tolerate temperatures as low as 0°F to 5°F.
- Know your plant's hardiness: When selecting trees and shrubs, be sure to check their hardiness zone to ensure they match or fall within your region's zone.
2. Evaluate Soil and Drainage Conditions
Understanding the soil quality, drainage, and acidity in your area is crucial for ensuring healthy plant growth. These factors influence how well plants will establish their roots, access nutrients, and ultimately thrive. Before selecting trees and shrubs, assess your soil's texture (sandy, loamy, or clay), pH (acidic or alkaline), and moisture levels. A soil test can provide a more detailed analysis, which can guide your plant choices.
Soil texture refers to the proportion of different-sized particles—sand, silt, and clay—in your soil. The texture directly affects the soil's ability to retain water and nutrients and its overall drainage.
Sandy Soil: Sandy soil has large particles, which allows water to drain quickly. While it doesn't hold nutrients well, it warms up fast in the spring, making it ideal for plants that like dry conditions and don't require much moisture. A hardy evergreen tree such as the Eastern Red Cedar does well in sandy soil due to its tolerance for drought and poor soil conditions. Pine trees like the Longleaf Pine are also native to sandy soils and extremely drought-tolerant. Juniper is a good shrub option for this soil type because it is a hardy shrub that is adaptable to harsh conditions.
Loamy Soil: Loam is often considered the ideal soil for most plants because it is a balanced mix of sand, silt, and clay. It drains well but also retains moisture, providing a healthy environment for plant roots. This ability to retain moisture means it is also nutrient-rich, making it perfect for a wide variety of plants. Oak and Maple trees need loamy soil because the roots can easily spread and access a consistent supply of moisture and nutrients which helps to support their large size and give them a long lifespan. Azalea shrubs also prefer loamy soil as the nutrients support abundant blooms.
Clay Soil: Clay soil has tiny particles that are densely packed together, causing water to drain slowly and leading to compacted soil. While it can retain nutrients, clay soil can become compacted and suffocate plant roots if it doesn’t drain well. Improving clay soil may require adding organic material or mulch to enhance drainage and aeration. Plants such as Willow trees and Buttonbush thrive in clay, wet soils because they have adapted to wet, waterlogged conditions like swamp areas.
Soil Drainage: Ensuring Proper Root Development
Soil drainage refers to how quickly water moves through the soil. Proper drainage is essential because it prevents waterlogging, which can lead to root rot, and ensures that the soil remains aerated for healthy root growth.
Well-Draining Soil: Good drainage allows water to flow through the soil easily without pooling. Most trees and shrubs prefer well-draining soils that prevent water from sitting around the roots for too long. However, some drought-tolerant plants, like Juniper and Rosemary, thrive in drier conditions with fast-draining soil.
Poorly Draining Soil: Soil that doesn’t drain well can lead to stagnant water around plant roots, which may suffocate the roots and lead to fungal diseases. If your soil has poor drainage, look for plants that tolerate wet conditions, such as Swamp Milkweed or Swamp Rose.
Solution for Better Drainage: If you have poorly draining soil, consider improving it with organic material, such as compost, which will help create air pockets and allow excess water to escape, or create raised beds or mounds where excess water can flow away from the root zone.
Soil Acidity: pH Levels and Plant Growth
Soil pH measures how acidic or alkaline the soil is, ranging from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline), with 7 being neutral. The pH level affects how well plants can absorb nutrients, which is why it’s important to choose plants that are suited to the pH of your soil.
Acidic Soil (pH less than 7): Acidic soils are common in areas with high rainfall, such as the southeastern U.S. In acidic soil, certain nutrients like iron are more readily available to plants, but too much acidity can limit the availability of others like calcium and magnesium. Pine and Birch trees tend to grow well and thrive in regions where the pH levels are lower.
If your soil is too acidic, you can add lime to raise the pH and make the soil more neutral.
Alkaline Soil (pH greater than 7): Alkaline soil tends to be found in areas with dry conditions or soils that are rich in limestone. In alkaline soil, certain micronutrients, such as iron and manganese, are less available to plants. Certain species of Spirea such as Spirea japonica grow well in slightly alkaline soils and their tolerance for a wider range of pH makes them highly adaptable and therefore a good choice of shrub when planting.
If you have alkaline soil, you can lower the pH by adding sulfur or peat moss to make the soil more acidic, which benefits plants that prefer lower pH levels.
Neutral Soil (pH of 7): Neutral soil is considered ideal for a wide variety of plants because it provides the best balance of nutrients. Most trees, shrubs, and perennials will thrive in neutral soil.
Conducting a Soil Test
The best way to determine your soil's quality, drainage, and acidity is by performing a soil test. Local extension services often offer soil testing for a reasonable fee, or you can use a home testing kit. These tests will provide specific recommendations for improving your soil and selecting plants that will thrive in your conditions.
Steps for Conducting a Soil Test:
- Collect soil samples from different areas of your landscape.
- Follow the instructions on the soil testing kit to send your samples to a lab or analyze them at home.
- Review the results to determine your soil’s pH, texture, and nutrient content.
- Amend your soil based on the test results (e.g., adding lime to raise pH, or compost to improve texture).
Trees and shrubs require different amounts of sunlight to grow and flourish. Some plants need full sun (at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day), while others thrive in partial or full shade. Be sure to evaluate the amount of sunlight your landscape gets throughout the day and select plants that match these conditions. If your project area receives full sun for example, trees like Oak or Maple are great choices, while shrubs like Spirea and Potentilla will thrive. In shady spots, try shrubs like Azalea or Boxwood, or consider shade-tolerant trees like Red Maple or Japanese Maple.
4. Match Plant Size with Available Space
When selecting trees and shrubs, it’s crucial to consider how large they will grow, both in height and width. Overcrowding can lead to unhealthy plants competing for resources and create maintenance challenges. Make sure to account for the mature size of the tree or shrub and leave enough space for proper growth.
Understanding Plant Size and Growth Patterns
Plants, especially trees and shrubs, will continue to grow throughout their lifespan. Understanding how large a plant will get, both in height and spread (width), is crucial for designing a space that won’t quickly become overcrowded or require constant pruning. When selecting trees and shrubs, be sure to look at both their mature height and mature spread.
- Mature Height: This is the full height the plant will reach over time. For trees, this can range from small ornamental varieties that top out at 10 feet to towering giants like oaks or pines that can grow over 100 feet tall. For shrubs, mature height typically ranges from 2 feet to 10 feet, depending on the species.
- Mature Spread: The mature spread is the width the plant will achieve as it grows. For example, a shrub like Boxwood may grow 2 to 3 feet wide, while a Crape Myrtle can spread out to 10 feet or more. It's essential to consider the spread when designing the layout of your landscape to prevent overcrowding.
When planning a landscape, keep in mind how much space a plant will need to grow to its full size. If you plant trees or shrubs too close together, their roots and canopies may compete for resources, stunting growth and leading to unhealthy plants, not to mention losing the visual appeal. Over time, this can create a maintenance headache as you’ll need to trim or thin plants more frequently.
Guidelines for Spacing:
- Trees: Generally, you should plant trees with enough space to accommodate their mature spread, as tree canopies can sometimes grow much wider than expected. For small trees or ornamental varieties (those less than 20 feet tall), space them at least 6 to 10 feet apart. For medium-sized trees (20–40 feet tall), space them 12 to 20 feet apart. Large trees (over 40 feet tall) should be spaced at least 20 to 30 feet apart to avoid overcrowding.
- Shrubs: Shrubs typically need less space than trees but still require consideration for their mature spread. Smaller shrubs can be placed 2 to 4 feet apart, while larger shrubs may need 6 to 10 feet of space between them, depending on the variety.
Some trees and shrubs grow faster than others. For example, Silver Maple can grow rapidly, while Bur Oak grows more slowly. The growth rate can affect your spacing decisions, as fast-growing plants may need to be spaced further apart to avoid rapid overcrowding. Conversely, slow-growing plants may be able to tolerate being spaced closer together, at least for a few years.
- Fast-Growing Trees: Willows, Cottonwoods, and Poplars are examples of fast-growing trees that may reach their mature height within 10–20 years. These should be spaced with extra consideration, especially in smaller yards.
- Slow-Growing Trees: Trees like Live Oak or Gingko take longer to reach their mature height but can become large trees in time. Be mindful of their slow-growing nature but plan for their eventual size.
When planting trees and shrubs, it’s important not to neglect the roots, which also expand as the plant matures. If trees are planted too close to each other, their roots may start to overlap and compete for space and nutrients, which can lead to unhealthy growth.
- Tree Roots: Tree roots can extend several feet beyond the tree’s canopy. For larger trees, such as oaks or maples, their root system can extend well beyond the area where the canopy touches the ground. Roots need plenty of space to spread out, so avoid planting large trees near foundations, fences, or other structures that can limit their root growth.
- Shrub Roots: Shrub roots are generally more compact but still require adequate space to spread. Overcrowded roots can lead to stunted growth and poor plant health.
In addition to considering the height and width of the plant, it's important to account for its overall growth habit. Some trees and shrubs grow in a more columnar, narrow shape, while others have a broad, spreading form. Understanding these habits will help you design your space with a more harmonious layout.
- Narrow Trees: If you have limited space but still want a tree, look for species with a narrow or columnar form. For example, Columnar Blue Spruce or Emerald Green Arborvitae are tall but have a narrow profile that allows for closer planting, even in smaller spaces.
- Spreading Shrubs: Shrubs like Barberry or Lilac often have a spreading form and require more space. These plants should be spaced apart to allow their branches to extend naturally without becoming overcrowded.
When selecting plants for your landscape, consider how much maintenance you or your clients are willing to do as the plants grow. Some plants require frequent pruning to maintain their shape, especially if they grow too large or have a sprawling habit.
- Pruning Needs: For shrubs that have a tendency to grow out of control, like Forsythia, regular pruning may be necessary to maintain their size and shape. On the other hand, trees like Crabapple may require occasional trimming to manage their growth.
- Overcrowding and Thinning: In areas where space is limited, it may be tempting to plant multiple trees or shrubs too closely together. However, over time, these plants will need to be thinned out or pruned regularly to prevent overcrowding, which can lead to stress on the plants and the landscape.
One of the most valuable aspects of trees and shrubs is the seasonal interest they can provide. Look for plants that will add color, texture, and visual appeal throughout the year. For instance, evergreens provide year-round greenery, while deciduous trees offer beautiful fall colors.
If you're looking for seasonal appeal, consider planting Red Maple, which offers brilliant red foliage in the fall, or Forsythia, which bursts into yellow flowers in early spring. Holly shrubs offer bright red berries in the winter, providing a festive touch.
6. Choose Plants That Attract Wildlife
Many trees and shrubs can provide habitat and food for birds, bees, and other wildlife. If you’re interested in promoting biodiversity, choose plants that attract pollinators and offer shelter for birds and insects.
Serviceberry trees are great for attracting birds with their small, sweet fruits. Bee Balm and Lavender shrubs are also excellent choices for attracting pollinators like bees and butterflies.
7. Consider the Aesthetic and Design of Your Project
The visual appeal of your landscape design should also influence your plant choices. Think about how trees and shrubs will complement other elements of your project, such as hardscapes (patios, walkways), architectural styles, and other plants. A balanced design often incorporates a mix of evergreen and deciduous plants, varying textures, and contrasting shapes.
If you're designing a formal garden, Boxwood hedges and European Hornbeam trees create clean lines and structure. For a more naturalistic design, consider planting native species like Shadbush or Black-eyed Susan for a wildflower feel.
8. Check for Disease and Pest Resistance
When selecting trees and shrubs, be mindful of potential disease and pest problems that can affect your plants. Choose varieties that are resistant to common issues like fungal infections, blight, or insect infestations.
For example, Crabapple trees are known for their susceptibility to disease, while Red Maple trees are generally more resistant to pests and diseases.
Choosing the right trees and shrubs for your landscaping project is about more than just picking plants that look good. By considering your climate, soil conditions, sunlight, maintenance needs, and the overall aesthetic of your design, you can create a beautiful and sustainable outdoor space. Don’t forget to factor in wildlife attraction and seasonal interest, as well as the potential for growth and disease resistance. With careful selection, your trees and shrubs will thrive for years to come.
You've picked the perfect plants for your project—now it's time to bring them to life! MNI Direct offers a wide variety of high-quality plants to meet all your landscaping needs. Visit our website today to browse our selection and get started on your next project!
Expert Tips for Selecting the Best Trees and Shrubs for Your Landscape Projects
When designing a landscape, selecting the right trees and shrubs is essential for creating a harmonious and sustainable environment. The right plants can enhance curb appeal, provide shade, attract wildlife, and even improve the air quality of your outdoor space. However, with so many options to choose from, knowing which trees and shrubs are the best fit for your project can be a daunting task. Here’s a detailed guide to help you make the best choices for your landscape, whether you're working on a residential or municipal project.
1. Consider the Climate and Hardiness Zone
The first step in choosing trees and shrubs is determining which plants are suited for your climate. One of the most important factors to consider is the hardiness zone. These zones are defined by the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map, which divides the United States into regions based on the average minimum winter temperature. Each zone represents a range of temperatures that a plant can tolerate.
Here in the Southeast, zones range from 6b in the mountainous areas of North Carolina with low temperatures between negative 5 and 0 degrees Fahrenheit, to 9a with minimum temperatures between 15 and 25 degrees Fahrenheit in coastal areas of Georgia and South Carolina.
Hardiness zone maps divide the country into regions based on temperature tolerance. Here's a general guide on how to read them:
2. Evaluate Soil and Drainage Conditions
Understanding the soil quality, drainage, and acidity in your area is crucial for ensuring healthy plant growth. These factors influence how well plants will establish their roots, access nutrients, and ultimately thrive. Before selecting trees and shrubs, assess your soil's texture (sandy, loamy, or clay), pH (acidic or alkaline), and moisture levels. A soil test can provide a more detailed analysis, which can guide your plant choices.
Soil texture refers to the proportion of different-sized particles—sand, silt, and clay—in your soil. The texture directly affects the soil's ability to retain water and nutrients and its overall drainage.
Sandy Soil: Sandy soil has large particles, which allows water to drain quickly. While it doesn't hold nutrients well, it warms up fast in the spring, making it ideal for plants that like dry conditions and don't require much moisture. A hardy evergreen tree such as the Eastern Red Cedar does well in sandy soil due to its tolerance for drought and poor soil conditions. Pine trees like the Longleaf Pine are also native to sandy soils and extremely drought-tolerant. Juniper is a good shrub option for this soil type because it is a hardy shrub that is adaptable to harsh conditions.
Loamy Soil: Loam is often considered the ideal soil for most plants because it is a balanced mix of sand, silt, and clay. It drains well but also retains moisture, providing a healthy environment for plant roots. This ability to retain moisture means it is also nutrient-rich, making it perfect for a wide variety of plants. Oak and Maple trees need loamy soil because the roots can easily spread and access a consistent supply of moisture and nutrients which helps to support their large size and give them a long lifespan. Azalea shrubs also prefer loamy soil as the nutrients support abundant blooms.
Clay Soil: Clay soil has tiny particles that are densely packed together, causing water to drain slowly and leading to compacted soil. While it can retain nutrients, clay soil can become compacted and suffocate plant roots if it doesn’t drain well. Improving clay soil may require adding organic material or mulch to enhance drainage and aeration. Plants such as Willow trees and Buttonbush thrive in clay, wet soils because they have adapted to wet, waterlogged conditions like swamp areas.
Soil Drainage: Ensuring Proper Root Development
Soil drainage refers to how quickly water moves through the soil. Proper drainage is essential because it prevents waterlogging, which can lead to root rot, and ensures that the soil remains aerated for healthy root growth.
Well-Draining Soil: Good drainage allows water to flow through the soil easily without pooling. Most trees and shrubs prefer well-draining soils that prevent water from sitting around the roots for too long. However, some drought-tolerant plants, like Juniper and Rosemary, thrive in drier conditions with fast-draining soil.
Poorly Draining Soil: Soil that doesn’t drain well can lead to stagnant water around plant roots, which may suffocate the roots and lead to fungal diseases. If your soil has poor drainage, look for plants that tolerate wet conditions, such as Swamp Milkweed or Swamp Rose.
Solution for Better Drainage: If you have poorly draining soil, consider improving it with organic material, such as compost, which will help create air pockets and allow excess water to escape, or create raised beds or mounds where excess water can flow away from the root zone.
Soil Acidity: pH Levels and Plant Growth
Soil pH measures how acidic or alkaline the soil is, ranging from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline), with 7 being neutral. The pH level affects how well plants can absorb nutrients, which is why it’s important to choose plants that are suited to the pH of your soil.
Acidic Soil (pH less than 7): Acidic soils are common in areas with high rainfall, such as the southeastern U.S. In acidic soil, certain nutrients like iron are more readily available to plants, but too much acidity can limit the availability of others like calcium and magnesium. Pine and Birch trees tend to grow well and thrive in regions where the pH levels are lower.
If your soil is too acidic, you can add lime to raise the pH and make the soil more neutral.
Alkaline Soil (pH greater than 7): Alkaline soil tends to be found in areas with dry conditions or soils that are rich in limestone. In alkaline soil, certain micronutrients, such as iron and manganese, are less available to plants. Certain species of Spirea such as Spirea japonica grow well in slightly alkaline soils and their tolerance for a wider range of pH makes them highly adaptable and therefore a good choice of shrub when planting.
If you have alkaline soil, you can lower the pH by adding sulfur or peat moss to make the soil more acidic, which benefits plants that prefer lower pH levels.
Neutral Soil (pH of 7): Neutral soil is considered ideal for a wide variety of plants because it provides the best balance of nutrients. Most trees, shrubs, and perennials will thrive in neutral soil.
Conducting a Soil Test
The best way to determine your soil's quality, drainage, and acidity is by performing a soil test. Local extension services often offer soil testing for a reasonable fee, or you can use a home testing kit. These tests will provide specific recommendations for improving your soil and selecting plants that will thrive in your conditions.
Steps for Conducting a Soil Test:
Trees and shrubs require different amounts of sunlight to grow and flourish. Some plants need full sun (at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day), while others thrive in partial or full shade. Be sure to evaluate the amount of sunlight your landscape gets throughout the day and select plants that match these conditions. If your project area receives full sun for example, trees like Oak or Maple are great choices, while shrubs like Spirea and Potentilla will thrive. In shady spots, try shrubs like Azalea or Boxwood, or consider shade-tolerant trees like Red Maple or Japanese Maple.
4. Match Plant Size with Available Space
When selecting trees and shrubs, it’s crucial to consider how large they will grow, both in height and width. Overcrowding can lead to unhealthy plants competing for resources and create maintenance challenges. Make sure to account for the mature size of the tree or shrub and leave enough space for proper growth.
Understanding Plant Size and Growth Patterns
Plants, especially trees and shrubs, will continue to grow throughout their lifespan. Understanding how large a plant will get, both in height and spread (width), is crucial for designing a space that won’t quickly become overcrowded or require constant pruning. When selecting trees and shrubs, be sure to look at both their mature height and mature spread.
When planning a landscape, keep in mind how much space a plant will need to grow to its full size. If you plant trees or shrubs too close together, their roots and canopies may compete for resources, stunting growth and leading to unhealthy plants, not to mention losing the visual appeal. Over time, this can create a maintenance headache as you’ll need to trim or thin plants more frequently.
Guidelines for Spacing:
Some trees and shrubs grow faster than others. For example, Silver Maple can grow rapidly, while Bur Oak grows more slowly. The growth rate can affect your spacing decisions, as fast-growing plants may need to be spaced further apart to avoid rapid overcrowding. Conversely, slow-growing plants may be able to tolerate being spaced closer together, at least for a few years.
When planting trees and shrubs, it’s important not to neglect the roots, which also expand as the plant matures. If trees are planted too close to each other, their roots may start to overlap and compete for space and nutrients, which can lead to unhealthy growth.
In addition to considering the height and width of the plant, it's important to account for its overall growth habit. Some trees and shrubs grow in a more columnar, narrow shape, while others have a broad, spreading form. Understanding these habits will help you design your space with a more harmonious layout.
When selecting plants for your landscape, consider how much maintenance you or your clients are willing to do as the plants grow. Some plants require frequent pruning to maintain their shape, especially if they grow too large or have a sprawling habit.
One of the most valuable aspects of trees and shrubs is the seasonal interest they can provide. Look for plants that will add color, texture, and visual appeal throughout the year. For instance, evergreens provide year-round greenery, while deciduous trees offer beautiful fall colors.
If you're looking for seasonal appeal, consider planting Red Maple, which offers brilliant red foliage in the fall, or Forsythia, which bursts into yellow flowers in early spring. Holly shrubs offer bright red berries in the winter, providing a festive touch.
6. Choose Plants That Attract Wildlife
Many trees and shrubs can provide habitat and food for birds, bees, and other wildlife. If you’re interested in promoting biodiversity, choose plants that attract pollinators and offer shelter for birds and insects.
Serviceberry trees are great for attracting birds with their small, sweet fruits. Bee Balm and Lavender shrubs are also excellent choices for attracting pollinators like bees and butterflies.
7. Consider the Aesthetic and Design of Your Project
The visual appeal of your landscape design should also influence your plant choices. Think about how trees and shrubs will complement other elements of your project, such as hardscapes (patios, walkways), architectural styles, and other plants. A balanced design often incorporates a mix of evergreen and deciduous plants, varying textures, and contrasting shapes.
If you're designing a formal garden, Boxwood hedges and European Hornbeam trees create clean lines and structure. For a more naturalistic design, consider planting native species like Shadbush or Black-eyed Susan for a wildflower feel.
8. Check for Disease and Pest Resistance
When selecting trees and shrubs, be mindful of potential disease and pest problems that can affect your plants. Choose varieties that are resistant to common issues like fungal infections, blight, or insect infestations.
For example, Crabapple trees are known for their susceptibility to disease, while Red Maple trees are generally more resistant to pests and diseases.
Choosing the right trees and shrubs for your landscaping project is about more than just picking plants that look good. By considering your climate, soil conditions, sunlight, maintenance needs, and the overall aesthetic of your design, you can create a beautiful and sustainable outdoor space. Don’t forget to factor in wildlife attraction and seasonal interest, as well as the potential for growth and disease resistance. With careful selection, your trees and shrubs will thrive for years to come.
You've picked the perfect plants for your project—now it's time to bring them to life! MNI Direct offers a wide variety of high-quality plants to meet all your landscaping needs. Visit our website today to browse our selection and get started on your next project!
1. Consider the Climate and Hardiness Zone
The first step in choosing trees and shrubs is determining which plants are suited for your climate. One of the most important factors to consider is the hardiness zone. These zones are defined by the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map, which divides the United States into regions based on the average minimum winter temperature. Each zone represents a range of temperatures that a plant can tolerate.
Here in the Southeast, zones range from 6b in the mountainous areas of North Carolina with low temperatures between negative 5 and 0 degrees Fahrenheit, to 9a with minimum temperatures between 15 and 25 degrees Fahrenheit in coastal areas of Georgia and South Carolina.
Hardiness zone maps divide the country into regions based on temperature tolerance. Here's a general guide on how to read them:
- Find your location on the map: Each area on the map is shaded to indicate a specific zone.
- Understand the numbers: The number represents the lowest temperature the region is expected to reach in winter. For example, Zone 7a means plants can tolerate temperatures as low as 0°F to 5°F.
- Know your plant's hardiness: When selecting trees and shrubs, be sure to check their hardiness zone to ensure they match or fall within your region's zone.
2. Evaluate Soil and Drainage Conditions
Understanding the soil quality, drainage, and acidity in your area is crucial for ensuring healthy plant growth. These factors influence how well plants will establish their roots, access nutrients, and ultimately thrive. Before selecting trees and shrubs, assess your soil's texture (sandy, loamy, or clay), pH (acidic or alkaline), and moisture levels. A soil test can provide a more detailed analysis, which can guide your plant choices.
Soil texture refers to the proportion of different-sized particles—sand, silt, and clay—in your soil. The texture directly affects the soil's ability to retain water and nutrients and its overall drainage.
Sandy Soil: Sandy soil has large particles, which allows water to drain quickly. While it doesn't hold nutrients well, it warms up fast in the spring, making it ideal for plants that like dry conditions and don't require much moisture. A hardy evergreen tree such as the Eastern Red Cedar does well in sandy soil due to its tolerance for drought and poor soil conditions. Pine trees like the Longleaf Pine are also native to sandy soils and extremely drought-tolerant. Juniper is a good shrub option for this soil type because it is a hardy shrub that is adaptable to harsh conditions.
Loamy Soil: Loam is often considered the ideal soil for most plants because it is a balanced mix of sand, silt, and clay. It drains well but also retains moisture, providing a healthy environment for plant roots. This ability to retain moisture means it is also nutrient-rich, making it perfect for a wide variety of plants. Oak and Maple trees need loamy soil because the roots can easily spread and access a consistent supply of moisture and nutrients which helps to support their large size and give them a long lifespan. Azalea shrubs also prefer loamy soil as the nutrients support abundant blooms.
Clay Soil: Clay soil has tiny particles that are densely packed together, causing water to drain slowly and leading to compacted soil. While it can retain nutrients, clay soil can become compacted and suffocate plant roots if it doesn’t drain well. Improving clay soil may require adding organic material or mulch to enhance drainage and aeration. Plants such as Willow trees and Buttonbush thrive in clay, wet soils because they have adapted to wet, waterlogged conditions like swamp areas.
Soil Drainage: Ensuring Proper Root Development
Soil drainage refers to how quickly water moves through the soil. Proper drainage is essential because it prevents waterlogging, which can lead to root rot, and ensures that the soil remains aerated for healthy root growth.
Well-Draining Soil: Good drainage allows water to flow through the soil easily without pooling. Most trees and shrubs prefer well-draining soils that prevent water from sitting around the roots for too long. However, some drought-tolerant plants, like Juniper and Rosemary, thrive in drier conditions with fast-draining soil.
Poorly Draining Soil: Soil that doesn’t drain well can lead to stagnant water around plant roots, which may suffocate the roots and lead to fungal diseases. If your soil has poor drainage, look for plants that tolerate wet conditions, such as Swamp Milkweed or Swamp Rose.
Solution for Better Drainage: If you have poorly draining soil, consider improving it with organic material, such as compost, which will help create air pockets and allow excess water to escape, or create raised beds or mounds where excess water can flow away from the root zone.
Soil Acidity: pH Levels and Plant Growth
Soil pH measures how acidic or alkaline the soil is, ranging from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline), with 7 being neutral. The pH level affects how well plants can absorb nutrients, which is why it’s important to choose plants that are suited to the pH of your soil.
Acidic Soil (pH less than 7): Acidic soils are common in areas with high rainfall, such as the southeastern U.S. In acidic soil, certain nutrients like iron are more readily available to plants, but too much acidity can limit the availability of others like calcium and magnesium. Pine and Birch trees tend to grow well and thrive in regions where the pH levels are lower.
If your soil is too acidic, you can add lime to raise the pH and make the soil more neutral.
Alkaline Soil (pH greater than 7): Alkaline soil tends to be found in areas with dry conditions or soils that are rich in limestone. In alkaline soil, certain micronutrients, such as iron and manganese, are less available to plants. Certain species of Spirea such as Spirea japonica grow well in slightly alkaline soils and their tolerance for a wider range of pH makes them highly adaptable and therefore a good choice of shrub when planting.
If you have alkaline soil, you can lower the pH by adding sulfur or peat moss to make the soil more acidic, which benefits plants that prefer lower pH levels.
Neutral Soil (pH of 7): Neutral soil is considered ideal for a wide variety of plants because it provides the best balance of nutrients. Most trees, shrubs, and perennials will thrive in neutral soil.
Conducting a Soil Test
The best way to determine your soil's quality, drainage, and acidity is by performing a soil test. Local extension services often offer soil testing for a reasonable fee, or you can use a home testing kit. These tests will provide specific recommendations for improving your soil and selecting plants that will thrive in your conditions.
Steps for Conducting a Soil Test:
- Collect soil samples from different areas of your landscape.
- Follow the instructions on the soil testing kit to send your samples to a lab or analyze them at home.
- Review the results to determine your soil’s pH, texture, and nutrient content.
- Amend your soil based on the test results (e.g., adding lime to raise pH, or compost to improve texture).
Trees and shrubs require different amounts of sunlight to grow and flourish. Some plants need full sun (at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day), while others thrive in partial or full shade. Be sure to evaluate the amount of sunlight your landscape gets throughout the day and select plants that match these conditions. If your project area receives full sun for example, trees like Oak or Maple are great choices, while shrubs like Spirea and Potentilla will thrive. In shady spots, try shrubs like Azalea or Boxwood, or consider shade-tolerant trees like Red Maple or Japanese Maple.
4. Match Plant Size with Available Space
When selecting trees and shrubs, it’s crucial to consider how large they will grow, both in height and width. Overcrowding can lead to unhealthy plants competing for resources and create maintenance challenges. Make sure to account for the mature size of the tree or shrub and leave enough space for proper growth.
Understanding Plant Size and Growth Patterns
Plants, especially trees and shrubs, will continue to grow throughout their lifespan. Understanding how large a plant will get, both in height and spread (width), is crucial for designing a space that won’t quickly become overcrowded or require constant pruning. When selecting trees and shrubs, be sure to look at both their mature height and mature spread.
- Mature Height: This is the full height the plant will reach over time. For trees, this can range from small ornamental varieties that top out at 10 feet to towering giants like oaks or pines that can grow over 100 feet tall. For shrubs, mature height typically ranges from 2 feet to 10 feet, depending on the species.
- Mature Spread: The mature spread is the width the plant will achieve as it grows. For example, a shrub like Boxwood may grow 2 to 3 feet wide, while a Crape Myrtle can spread out to 10 feet or more. It's essential to consider the spread when designing the layout of your landscape to prevent overcrowding.
When planning a landscape, keep in mind how much space a plant will need to grow to its full size. If you plant trees or shrubs too close together, their roots and canopies may compete for resources, stunting growth and leading to unhealthy plants, not to mention losing the visual appeal. Over time, this can create a maintenance headache as you’ll need to trim or thin plants more frequently.
Guidelines for Spacing:
- Trees: Generally, you should plant trees with enough space to accommodate their mature spread, as tree canopies can sometimes grow much wider than expected. For small trees or ornamental varieties (those less than 20 feet tall), space them at least 6 to 10 feet apart. For medium-sized trees (20–40 feet tall), space them 12 to 20 feet apart. Large trees (over 40 feet tall) should be spaced at least 20 to 30 feet apart to avoid overcrowding.
- Shrubs: Shrubs typically need less space than trees but still require consideration for their mature spread. Smaller shrubs can be placed 2 to 4 feet apart, while larger shrubs may need 6 to 10 feet of space between them, depending on the variety.
Some trees and shrubs grow faster than others. For example, Silver Maple can grow rapidly, while Bur Oak grows more slowly. The growth rate can affect your spacing decisions, as fast-growing plants may need to be spaced further apart to avoid rapid overcrowding. Conversely, slow-growing plants may be able to tolerate being spaced closer together, at least for a few years.
- Fast-Growing Trees: Willows, Cottonwoods, and Poplars are examples of fast-growing trees that may reach their mature height within 10–20 years. These should be spaced with extra consideration, especially in smaller yards.
- Slow-Growing Trees: Trees like Live Oak or Gingko take longer to reach their mature height but can become large trees in time. Be mindful of their slow-growing nature but plan for their eventual size.
When planting trees and shrubs, it’s important not to neglect the roots, which also expand as the plant matures. If trees are planted too close to each other, their roots may start to overlap and compete for space and nutrients, which can lead to unhealthy growth.
- Tree Roots: Tree roots can extend several feet beyond the tree’s canopy. For larger trees, such as oaks or maples, their root system can extend well beyond the area where the canopy touches the ground. Roots need plenty of space to spread out, so avoid planting large trees near foundations, fences, or other structures that can limit their root growth.
- Shrub Roots: Shrub roots are generally more compact but still require adequate space to spread. Overcrowded roots can lead to stunted growth and poor plant health.
In addition to considering the height and width of the plant, it's important to account for its overall growth habit. Some trees and shrubs grow in a more columnar, narrow shape, while others have a broad, spreading form. Understanding these habits will help you design your space with a more harmonious layout.
- Narrow Trees: If you have limited space but still want a tree, look for species with a narrow or columnar form. For example, Columnar Blue Spruce or Emerald Green Arborvitae are tall but have a narrow profile that allows for closer planting, even in smaller spaces.
- Spreading Shrubs: Shrubs like Barberry or Lilac often have a spreading form and require more space. These plants should be spaced apart to allow their branches to extend naturally without becoming overcrowded.
When selecting plants for your landscape, consider how much maintenance you or your clients are willing to do as the plants grow. Some plants require frequent pruning to maintain their shape, especially if they grow too large or have a sprawling habit.
- Pruning Needs: For shrubs that have a tendency to grow out of control, like Forsythia, regular pruning may be necessary to maintain their size and shape. On the other hand, trees like Crabapple may require occasional trimming to manage their growth.
- Overcrowding and Thinning: In areas where space is limited, it may be tempting to plant multiple trees or shrubs too closely together. However, over time, these plants will need to be thinned out or pruned regularly to prevent overcrowding, which can lead to stress on the plants and the landscape.
One of the most valuable aspects of trees and shrubs is the seasonal interest they can provide. Look for plants that will add color, texture, and visual appeal throughout the year. For instance, evergreens provide year-round greenery, while deciduous trees offer beautiful fall colors.
If you're looking for seasonal appeal, consider planting Red Maple, which offers brilliant red foliage in the fall, or Forsythia, which bursts into yellow flowers in early spring. Holly shrubs offer bright red berries in the winter, providing a festive touch.
6. Choose Plants That Attract Wildlife
Many trees and shrubs can provide habitat and food for birds, bees, and other wildlife. If you’re interested in promoting biodiversity, choose plants that attract pollinators and offer shelter for birds and insects.
Serviceberry trees are great for attracting birds with their small, sweet fruits. Bee Balm and Lavender shrubs are also excellent choices for attracting pollinators like bees and butterflies.
7. Consider the Aesthetic and Design of Your Project
The visual appeal of your landscape design should also influence your plant choices. Think about how trees and shrubs will complement other elements of your project, such as hardscapes (patios, walkways), architectural styles, and other plants. A balanced design often incorporates a mix of evergreen and deciduous plants, varying textures, and contrasting shapes.
If you're designing a formal garden, Boxwood hedges and European Hornbeam trees create clean lines and structure. For a more naturalistic design, consider planting native species like Shadbush or Black-eyed Susan for a wildflower feel.
8. Check for Disease and Pest Resistance
When selecting trees and shrubs, be mindful of potential disease and pest problems that can affect your plants. Choose varieties that are resistant to common issues like fungal infections, blight, or insect infestations.
For example, Crabapple trees are known for their susceptibility to disease, while Red Maple trees are generally more resistant to pests and diseases.
Choosing the right trees and shrubs for your landscaping project is about more than just picking plants that look good. By considering your climate, soil conditions, sunlight, maintenance needs, and the overall aesthetic of your design, you can create a beautiful and sustainable outdoor space. Don’t forget to factor in wildlife attraction and seasonal interest, as well as the potential for growth and disease resistance. With careful selection, your trees and shrubs will thrive for years to come.
You've picked the perfect plants for your project—now it's time to bring them to life! MNI Direct offers a wide variety of high-quality plants to meet all your landscaping needs. Visit our website today to browse our selection and get started on your next project!